Instrumenting the Healthcare Enterprise

Isaac (Zak) Kohane Embracing noise and heterogeneity In clinical medicine, the gold standard for evidence is the randomized controlled trial. In biology the gold standard for evidence is a fresh new data set obtained under well-defined and controlled conditions. I argue that for large fraction of biomedical science investigations these are extremely flawed and fraught models. Instead, we serve science and our patients best by embracing multiple perspectives using even barely comparable measurement types.